The Message Behind The Laugh Essay - 2032 Words

The Message Behind The Laugh When people look at cartoons, most do not study the underlying message, but simply find humor in the split second message they just read. Dating back to The Golden Age, 1770-1830, a few men known as Townshend, Bunbury, Woodward, and Nixon, transformed the art form, introducing a more playful style and a strong element of personal caricature (http://www.cartoonmuseum.org/explore/history-of-cartoons-comics). [Webster] defines a cartoon as â€Å"a drawing, as in a newspaper or magazine, caricaturing or symbolizing, often satirically, some action, situation or person of topical interest† (quoted in Gerberg 128). Cartoons are divided into sub-categories depending on their purpose, and the message the author is trying to portray because each cartoon has a different goal the author is trying to achieve. In today’s age, we turn to expert Mort Gerberg to interpret the definition of cartoons and educate how cartoons are utilized to express opinions u sing different tones. Gerberg is a professional cartoonist whose work has appeared in publications such as The New Yorker, Playboy, Harvard Business Review, and The Huffington Post (128). He has contributed to 43 books on the topic of cartooning during his career and he wrote, â€Å"What Is a Cartoon,† to argue that cartoons are rhetorical constructs using images and languages to express opinions. A type of cartoon that plays an important role in society is known as political cartoons. Defined by Myers, â€Å"political andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Importance of Verbal and Nonverbal Miscommunication664 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication is messages one uses to relay information to another person through words or language. This type of communication can be a face-to-face interaction or may use channels such as email or written letters to communicate a message. Nonverbal communication are messages that are not spoken but conveyed through one’s body language. Unspoke n messages can include: facial expressions, eye contact and hand gestures. Miscommunication is a daily occurrence in our society; it is when a message we are communicatingRead MorePoems, Hide and seek and Once Upon a Time by Gabriel Okara Share a Theme of Childhood900 Words   |  4 Pagesperception on the theme, ‘Childhood’ and both have a significant messages which are played out through a nostalgic tone. Childhood has its pleasures and fears that are both valuable and insignificant to are modern selves, in ‘Hide and seek’ it presents a both demoralizing yet scarce message to us in the form of a commonly played childhood game in doing so making the poem feel a bit more personal and something you can relate to. The message being that as a result of over flowing insolence/ confidenceRead MoreArt as Entertainment in the Musical Xanadu Essay619 Words   |  3 Pageswalls, to the Mona Lisa and her suspicious smile, to Andy Warhol and his intrinsic and though t provoking printed cans, art has impacted the lives of every man, woman, and child on Earth. These pieces of art all have strong social or philosophical messages, and have been studied by interpreters everywhere. What people do not usually take a second look at, yet still impacts their lives greatly, is art that exists purely as a form of entertainment. Art that is used as purely entertainment is not completelyRead MoreKitchen Witches : A Comedy Written By Caroline Smith And Directed By Anastasia Van Allen969 Words   |  4 Pageshanging over head I was really hoping to get a laugh from this play, which it did. This was not the first time that I had come to see a play at Boise Little Theater, but definitely this was the first time that I had done it on my own. Which was a tad awkward considering the fact that I think I must have been one of the youngest people there. Throughout the play it became fairly apparent that what the actors were attempting to do was of course get a laugh from the audience, but to also make them feelRead MoreYoung Drivers: A Legacy of Bad Driving Essay696 Words   |  3 Pagestarget young motorists. These ads and community service messages urge young motorists to change their bad habits and be safe while behind the wheel. But who is really to blame for those bad habits? It is time to take a hard look into society’s driver side window and change the bad habits that â€Å"experienced† drivers are passing down to young motorists. A little girl about four years old is playing outside in her front yard. Her mother and father laugh and take pictures as the little girl carries on andRead MoreAccidental Death of an Anarchist1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe police’s statements are. Another example is when the Maniac’s arm falls off and he mockingly states:  «Next you’ll be pulling off my leg. » This is a deliberate farce to make the responder laugh. This incident is also a symbol of the cover-ups made by the police and is aimed at stressing Dario Fo’s message about the injustices and lies by the police in society. The Maniac is very intelligent and this helps him to control the authoritative figures and make them out to be foolish and weak. For example:Read MoreThe Stereotypes Of African Americans1347 Words   |  6 PagesThis film sends the negative message that African Americans will go to any extend, betraying their own family members, in order to obtain power and money. As the movie industry progresses we start seeing a change on how the African Americans character is being portrayed. For example, the film Hustle Flow was released in 2005. DJay, Terrance, is a pimp living day to day in the streets of Memphis, Tennessee. His old friend inspires him to leave his criminal life behind. He creates rap music and hopesRead MoreCommunication : Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1216 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussion. A Speaker who transmits message must ensure that the message is delivered clearly. A listener who takes the messages must be an active listener. As effective communication can only take place when the recipient of the message understands it’s meaning and able to express that meaning back to the speaker or sender of the message. 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Campaign advisor’s have excellent structural skills, good interpersonal skills, and aren’tRead MoreComedy : The New Critical Idiom1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book, Comedy: The New Critical Idiom By Andrew Stott discusses on how many people don’t get offended when Comedian talks about their ethnicity due to the fact they know it’s true and they can accept it. It was also intended for the audience to laugh. Comedic structures back then such as the Minstrel shows were considered entertaining back then, but if the show was still active many would disagree or be offended by it, and yet racist jokes today that comedians like to use for humour such Kevin

Persuasive Speech Outline Essay - 711 Words

Margarita Torres Informative Speech Outline Title: â€Å"Zumba!† General purpose: To persuade Specific purpose: After listening to my speech, audience members will try Zumba fitness as a way to exercise. Thesis: Zumba is a dance fitness program that has revolutionized the way people exercise and how they enjoy it. INTRODUCTION I. Quote from Beto Perez, Zumba creator. II. Thesis statement. III. Preview of main points. BODY I. Zumba, ditch the workout, enjoy the party! A. What is Zumba? 1. It’s an exhilarating, effective, easy-to-follow, Latin-inspired, calorie-burning dance fitness-party. 2. Since its creation in 2001, Zumba has grown to become the worlds largest and most†¦show more content†¦K. Zumba has simple and easy dance steps and various movement modifications so there are no wrong moves. This empowers the participant to move more, with improved form with each class. The moves can even vary with each class, but to the same music. L. Zumba can also be considered as effective therapy for some emotional hardships and stressors such as loss of a loved one, personal difficulty, because during the class you can manage to smile, be with other positive people and enjoy a great way to express yourself. M. Other forms of exercise feel more like a punishment than an energizer and stress your body and mind. You can’t even smile because you’re pushing yourself too much duri ng the workout. This can lead to early workout termination. IV. Results N. According to the recent Zumba study sponsored by ACE and led by Dr. John Porcari, a person can burn an average of 369 calories (9.5 calories per minute) after doing a 38-minute class with an average heart rate of 154 beats per minute. O. Improved stamina (endurance) and mood P. Ashlee Tomsche from Kansas weighted 331 lbs. After a year of Zumba, she had dropped 123 pounds, six dress sizes and more than 10 inches from her waist.Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Persuasive Outline2149 Words   |  9 PagesDyadic Persuasive Comprehensive Outline General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience how to be more successful as a college student. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: How many of you have said that there are too many options? Whether you are talking about choosing a college, class selection once you get to college, or even something as simple as choosing what to eat for dinner tonight. If you made a choice on what career field you will enter after college, you come toRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline1028 Words   |  5 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE TOPIC: WHY YOU SHOULD GIVE UP SMOKING PROPOSITION: Give up smoking and you will save yourself and the others around you and live in a healthy environment. 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Attention: * Provide a vivid description of people struggling to fight for their voting rights in certain countries. * Share relevant facts /statistics of how a small number of votesRead MorePersuasive Speech : Speech Outline819 Words   |  4 PagesElmer Lombana Jr. Dr. Shane Gunderson SPC 2608 November 6, 2015 Persuasive Speech Outline General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to contact Florida Department of Education to incorporate Personal Finance courses in high schools. Thesis: Instead of teaching children in schools non-vital skills like sewing and baking, Personal Finance should be taught in Home Economics or as a curriculum during a summer semester if not fulfilled with aforementioned elective. I. TheRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline994 Words   |  4 Pages10/31/12 Persuasive Speech Outline I. ADG- It is not a myth why people call fast food disgusting. 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I’m going to discuss health reasons, effect of food advertisements, reading foodRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline1169 Words   |  5 PagesTitle:  What’s In Your Glass? Topic: The Opposition of Artificial Intelligence Method of organization:  Refutative Specific Purpose:   My specific purpose of this speech is to encourage those who oppose artificial intelligence to see the good that can be done with this technology. Thesis:   In this presentation I hope to explain the opposition that artificial intelligence faces, show examples of successful uses of AI, and challenge those opposed to this technology to consider a change ofRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline1649 Words   |  7 PagesComm 110 Informative Outline Template (remember that a presentation aid must be used within the body of this speech.) Please label these parts as you create your outline: I. Introduction a. 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Tie to Audience: From your point of view, you might think that keeping all the law violators behind bars is a positive thing because it enhances public safety, but you should take a look on how incarcerating people impacts families and the nation’s economyRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline On Immunizations1004 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline Immunizations Specific Purpose: The specific purpose of my topic is to persuade my audience that immunizations are important and actually do more good than harm. Thesis: Immunizations are one of the most important medical advances in history. They have severely reduced the effects of dozens of viral infections and everyone should consider getting immunized. Introduction: Take a good look. These are the effects of just some of dozens of infectious diseases we are dealing

Competitors of Honda Free Essays

Japanese car are getting more and more popular in these few decades. In 2007, Japan turned into the world’s largest vehicle producer and became one of main players in international vehicle industry (Jeffrey Hays 2009). For instance, Honda, a well-known Japanese vehicle producer, it is also one of the best car sellers in Malaysia. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitors of Honda or any similar topic only for you Order Now Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd was born in 15 November 2000 as a result of the formation of partnership between Honda Motor Co. Ltd. of Japan, DRB-HICOM Berhad and Oriental Holdings Berhad. It produces a wide range of product besides car, motorcycles, automobiles, power products (such as motorboats), aircraft engines (HondaJet), humanoid robot (ASIMO), fuel cell vehicles and solar films. The company promised to deliver highest customer satisfaction to Malaysians than his rivals and holds the principles: i) Respect for the Individual ii)The Three Joys (Soichiro Honda 1951) iii) Maintaining a global viewpoint, we are dedicated to supplying products of the highest quality yet at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction. The three joys were presented by Soichiro Honda, it consists of joy of buying, joy of selling and joy of creating. The Joy of buying belongs to the happiness of customers who bought product from Honda. Honda wishes their customer will be glad for buying their product. The joy of selling belongs to the reseller of Honda’s product. Honda hopes the product they delivery is always in high quality which generates profit for the reseller. The last joy belongs to the engineer. Honda. It refers to the happiness of an engineer when he manufactures a product which is high quality and valuable to the society. The three joys became motto of Honda since that. Honda Malaysia also strongly emphasizes its slogan â€Å"The power of dream† which signifies turning dream to reality, a future with better technology and value. With a variety of car models, from the lower-priced City to the higher-priced Accord, Honda could attracts people within all age groups and socioeconomic statuses. All potential buyers, regardless of their social class, represented Honda’s target market. Now, Honda Malaysia is in the top 5 brand which has the most car sale in Malaysia. It is the winner for Putra brand award-silver since 2010, became one the most valuable brand in Malaysia. Honda even is the highest in New Vehicle Sales Satisfaction for Malaysia Sales Satisfaction Index Study in 2011. Other achievements are Reader’s Digest Trusted Brands, Asian Auto Fuel Efficiency Awards and etc. These dazzling performances above shows that Honda does try their best keep the promise made. On the other hand, Honda Malaysia does not like other businesses which only pay most concern on maximizing the profit from the public. As a member of the society, it contributes some of its profit to provide a better future for the next generation. For example, Honda dream fund was launched to provide aids to underprivileged students and their families with a chance to fulfil their ambition. Meanwhile, Honda Malaysia is also putting great effort in preservation of the environment. It had launched a programme which aims to protect Sumatran rhinos from extinction. Business environment nowadays is changing rapidly In order to sustain a business, it is very important to understand the market place and competitors. For Honda Malaysia, Toyota and Perodua are two of the competitors in Malaysia. First, Toyota is a reputed Japanese vehicle manufacturer which is set up by Kiichiro Toyoda on 1953. It is also one of the world largest car makers in the world. It produces wide range of car such as Van, MPVs, 4WD and etc. Toyota came into Malaysia on 1982, at that time it is named as Sejati Motor (joint venture between UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd and Toyota Motor Corporation). On 1987, Sejati Motor changed its name to UMW Toyota . Sdn. Bhd. It stated its mission as: i) achieve customer-first philosophy by delighting customer and manage good relationship with business partner. i) Deliver world-class quality product that satisfies customer needs. iii) Contributes to society by preserving the environment and improve community services and etc. For Toyota, their slogan is â€Å"moving forward†, it means continuous improvement. Today, Toyota Malaysia is the third car brand with most market share. Toyota and Honda has a lot of similarity, not only in terms of the place they originate but in terms market position for their product. They both are producing passengers’ vehicle as their main product. Moreover, they both focus on medium five-seat car. The Toyota Vios was ranked no. for the best 30 selling car models on year to May 2012, 13846 units had sold (5. 9% market share). Meanwhile, Honda City was rank no. 18 with 1971 of units sold (0. 8% market share). Despite the mechanical aspect, both cars share similar feature. For example, Anti-lock braking system (ABS), dual airbags, body structure that reduce impact of crash and etc. In terms of specification, Honda City is more superior. However, Vios is 7 times more than City in sales volume. On the other hand, Toyota holds 17. 4% of market share in the first half of 2012 and Honda only gets 3. %. Why such a huge disparity does exist? It can be answer in two aspects. First, Toyota has cheaper selling price in general. Second, Toyota Malaysia was founded 13 years earlier than Honda. This would help Toyota get more loyal customer. Recently, both companies are putting more effort and attention in hybrid car. For example: Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrid. Due to the awareness of people about environmental issues, this new market is growing robustly. Based on the market share report above, Toyota holds 13 % of the market share and 5% for Honda. In addition, statistical research made below shows that Toyota’s market share has a declining trend, it dropped from 18% to 13%. These data are showing the gap between Toyota and Honda in term of competiveness is getting smaller and smaller. The Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd( Perodua), the local car maker is one of the competitors of Honda Malaysia. It was established in 1993, a joint venture company between Malaysian and Japanese partners. UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd , the partners of Toyota Malaysia is also the largest shareholder of Perodua. Their slogan is â€Å"building car, people first. † In order words, they meant to be customer-centred. Currently, Perodua surpassed the first national car manufacturer of Malaysia- Proton Holding limited and gets the most market share. Their main product is small-sized car such as Viva and Myvi. The Myvi of Perodua is the bestselling car in Malaysia especially on the year to May 2012. As local car makers such as Perodua is younger compare to those foreign car makers. To protect these infant industries, government give protection to them. They get massive subsidies, tax cut in exportation and government impose higher tax rate on foreign car. Thus, Malaysia are one the countries which has the expensive car price. These protections will go on until they are able to catch up those foreign competitors. So, these benefits do help Perodua a lot to be competitive. The main reason that Perodua is the competitor of Honda in Malaysia is the market share of cars in Malaysia, Perodua got the highest share in the market. As the figure shown, market share of Perodua in Malaysia is 35% year to august 2012. Honda holds 5% in the market although Honda’s automobile delivery higher quality of product than Perodua. According to the market research, the bestselling car model in Malaysia is Perodua Myvi, get share of 15. 7% in the market in year to May 2012, 36920 units was sold. As mentioned, Honda City gets 0. 8% of the market share. Due to the protection of goverment, Perodua is able to has a lower production cost. In order words, Perodua beats Honda in term of price. The selling price of Myvi start from RM 43,912. 15  , but for Honda City, it strat from RM85980. City is nearly 2 times more expensive than Myvi. As Malaysia is still a developing country, its income per capita is about 9000++ USD. Hence, many youngsters would put local car brand as their first choice. As mentioned above, environment care is a critical issue now. People nowadays are more prefer hybrid car. So far, Honda had already introduced two hybrid cars model, Honda Civic Hybrid and Honda jazz Hybrid. In order to catch up the trend, Perodua started to develop their own hybrid car, Perodua Bezza. Perodua is showing their enthusiasm to become a world-class car maker. How to cite Competitors of Honda, Essay examples

National Statement on Ethical Conduct †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the National Statement on Ethical Conduct. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary world of social research, ethical decision-making is paramount and highly significant in realizing success. Traditionally, social research mainly focused only on how people were affected by taking part in research. Today, the researcher has given obligations and responsibilities in considering the effect of the research findings on both respondents and the communities at large (Suki Moria 2012). This evolution in social research was realized after anti-racist, feminist and gay liberation social movements between 1960s and 1970s challenged the traditional approach (Suki and Moria 2012). Ethics in social research is a topic that has greatly aroused interest to me a student over time. Previously, in the workshops, my research question was: Why is ethical consideration so important in social research? Based on my study of social science research and workshop material, I realized that several ethical challenges or misconduct are bound to occur in the process of carryin g out a research. This is because social research process highly involves a relationship between the researcher and human participants. According to Suki and Moria (2012),ethical decision making in these social researches normally come to play in deciding to conduct a research in a specific area, formulating research questions, sampling ,data collection among respondents, data analysis and presentation of the findings among others. In relation to the research question, this research looks to address the ethical issues of social research thus improving people confidence in research. Research ethics is a science of morality, where those who are involved determine values for regulating the human behavior there in.Besides researchers own preferences and beliefs, other factors influence research decision making, with ethics as the key focus(Suki and Moria 2012).For example the government, ethical agencies, people and group rights, professional code of conduct. This paper will also provide examples of cases of ethical misconduct in research and address these foundational units that influence ethical decision making in soci al research. In the course of my study, specific ethical issues have come up, raising debates and technicalities. This issues are such as informed consent of human participants in a research, respect for human rights, concealed research, nature of ethical regulation and dealing with vulnerable groups such as children and people with mental health challenges. In various capacities, these issues will be elaborated in this paper. Research ethical misconduct cuts across all research disciplines and so common rules have been developed to manage the ethical issues. Fundamental parties or units such as the government, universities, institutions and agencies have policies governing research in relation to ethics. They also work collectively in maintaining integrity of social research, such that research process and results are valid. For example, it is a requirement that any research the has human participants should be approved by the institutions Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) before commencement. As it is, ethical issues have become a critical element of social research. In Australia, all researches involving human subjects must be compliant to a statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. University policies on research require researchers to comply with this statement. It has a set of guidelines made in harmony with the National Health and Medical Council Act 1992.According to the statement, human related research must have respect for people, maximize benefits, minimize harm, participants must be treated equally and no harm should be done. In this case, harm may be physical or psychological, resulting from ether actual participation or publication of research findings. Unlike the case of developed nations such as Australia, developing countries such as Indonesia have for long lack ethics regulatory committees, which posed a challenge to international students seeking education in developed countries. However, with time Indonesia has come up with ethical research regulations. In 2012,the Association of Health Researchers in Indonesia prepared an Ethical Code Researchers in the Health space, consisting of 30 regulatory articles. Like other international regulations, several of these articles relate to protection of human participants in the research. The Indonesian Law of Health also states that the health Minister is responsible for protecting human research participants. This indicates regulation of researchers by the government of Indonesia. The government regulation further provides for issues such as international association in research, use of vulnerable persons, use of animals before trials on humans and compensation for harm inflicted on a p articipant among others.Currently,Indonesia has up to52 institutional ethics committees, distributed across medical schools, dental schools, public health, research institutions,polytechnical colleges and teaching hospitals. Examples of ethically controversial social research In 1963, Milgram set an experiment in a laboratory in an effort to find out why a person would hurt another if the person thought they had been ordered to do so(Suki and Moria 2012).It focused on conflict between obeying an order from an authority and personal conscience. Stanley alluded to the defense based on obedience by the accused persons for acts of genocide of World War II, for example Adolf Eichmann (McLeod 2007).During the Nazi era of World War II, Germans really perpetrated war crimes in the name of obeying orders. Milgram put up an advertisement in the newspaper in search of participants, who were to participate in the study at the University of Yale. The participants were to be males only aged between 20-50 years. The participants had to be paired and so they drew lots to find a teacher and a learner for the experiment. Milgram and team fixed the draw such that by default all participants became teachers, while learners were Milgrams associate, posing as a real participan t. The teacher and experimenter positioned themselves in a room with the learner in a room next door. The experimenter was also an actor and not Milgram. The teacher was to control an electric shock generator with switches of 15volts, 375volts and 450 volts that represented slight shock, severe shock and XXX respectively. The experiment aimed finding out how easily an ordinary person could be influenced in committing a crime and how far the person would go in obeying an order of harming another person. To begin with, the learner, strapped to chair with electrodes, was given a list of paired words, which he was supposed to learn after which the teacher was to name a word in the list while the learner responded correctly. A wrong answer would amount to an electric shock by the teacher. Shock levels were to be increased each time. The learner on the other hand was to deliberately give more wrong answers than right ones. In the event the teacher failed to induce a shock, the experimenter would give the following orders: Please continue, you required by the experiment to continue, continuing is essential for and the only choice you have is to continue. The findings were such that 65%of participants proceeded to 450 volts, the greatest level while all the participants made it to 300 volts.Having conducted many more experiments with slight variations where necessary, Milgram concluded that the likelihood of ordinary people following orders by a higher authority is high. Right to withdraw. A researcher in any research has a responsibility to let the respondent or participant know that they are free to withdraw in case they feel the need to, irrespective of payment. Contrary to this provision, Milgram did not give his respondents an option of withdrawal. The experimenter gave four orders to the teacher in case he failed to induce a shock. Of the four orders, there was no option of leaving. Deception. A research participant has a right to disclosure of full information. In this case, the participants believed that they were actually shocking the learner which was not the case. In addition, they were not aware that the learner was an associate of Milgram. Protection. The participants had a right to protection from any harm, yet they were subjected to extremely stressful situations that could cause psychological harm. Actually, many were visibly disturbed as evidenced by signs such as sweating, trembling and biting lips among others. Three of them experienced uncontrollable seizures while many desperately asked for a chance to withdraw. This case study explores the scientific ethical misconduct or fraud by Dr Hwang and how the Korean media organizations failed to report the accusation of misconduct against Hwang.Actually,most of them defended Hwang.Between 2004 and 2005,Hwang hit the Korean and international news as a hero for publishing articles on cloning human stem cells in science magazine. The government of Korean recognized Hwang as a supreme scientist and awarded Him millions of dollars. However, after the 2005 publication, a former researcher and author of the 2004 publication left the team. This researcher the worked in collaboration with PD-notebook media and reported cases of ethical fraud in Hwangs research(Kim and park 2013).The report by PD notebook stated that Hwang and team had unethically obtained human eggs and made up data that was published in the 2015 article(Park et al.2009). Following the report by PD notebook in 2005,a battle Hwang network and PD notebook over the allegations of unethical acc usation of eggs, mishandling the lab team, data fabrication and conflict of interest(Kim and park 2013).This brought about controversies an eventually Hwang network collapsed. Further to the allegations, Seoul National University (SNU) carried out a research on the allegations of possible scientific fraud by Hwang, and confirmed that the clone human stem cell lines did not exist (Kim and park 2013). Several ethical misconduct came up in relation to Hwang and team. Number one, data use in both publications in science was fabricated, and therefore deceptive. This was evidenced in research reports by SNU and the prosecutors office, which indicated data fabrication as a key misconduct. A total of 11 cloned cell lines were fake, including all experimental processes(Kim and park 2013).Number two, unethical practices were connected to authorship of the two science papers. Hwang appointed Ky-yong Park, advisor of Korean president for Science and Technology, as his co-author. In her capacity as advisor of the president, Park accorded Hwang and team funding and policy favors(Kim and park 2013.For example she took part in creating the Supreme Scientist Program which named Hwang a supreme scientist. Number three,Hwangs experiment did not apply informed consent of its participants, who were women giving their eggs. 121 women took part without knowledge that the eggs were to be applied in Hwa ngs research. They were also not informed of the possible side effects of the process of extracting eggs. Two women in the research team were also allegedly forced to contribute their eggs. Further to these, 96 women were paid for the ova extraction process, which shows that Hwang and team took advantage of needy women financially. Number four was mis management of research funds. The Korean government and major Korean corporations gave funding of 40 and 6 million dollars respectively to Hwang research. Unfortunately, the prosecutors found out that Hwang directed much of the funds to his personal accounts and other 63 foreign accounts. Despite claiming that he used his personal account for lab operations, the account was found to have bought several personal things including his wifes car and gifts. In addition,Hwang was found to have laundered research funds through false account, a thing that is illegal in Korea.Finally,Hwang research was found to mishandle the students and resear chers. They also had no access to off days as Hwang best known for the Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Friday and Friday rule (Kim and park 2013). This ethical misconduct by Hwang was a wakeup call for the Korean government. There was a national failure and it needed to be addressed immediately.Organizations in Korea, the government, universities, agencies and research bodies embarked on research reforms (Kim and park 2013). Government guidelines became well instituted and institutions were required to form ethics regulatory committees.In addition,the government established a division of integrity team of research, meant to regulate research bodies and universities. In conclusion, this paper has outlined the ethical issues mainly involved in social research. It has clearly elaborated on these issues especially by aid of examples. The paper has further addressed the fundamental institutions responsible for regulating ethical issues in social research. It has been clear that any social research has potential to raise social challenges. Especially since, it not only matters how the researcher handles Management participants but also the manner of presenting research findings. It is also clear that the strategy for handling ethical issues in social research is having solid regulatory framework to regulate research. Societal morals are also key in handling this challenge since cultural preferences vary from one community to another. References Bezuidenhout, L 2014, 'Moving Life Science Ethics Debates Beyond National Borders: Some Empirical Observations', Science Engineering Ethics, 20, 2, pp. 445-467. Jordan, SR 2014, 'Research integrity, image manipulation, and anonymizing photographs in visual social science research', International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 17, 4, pp. 441-454. Kim, J, Park, K 2013, 'Ethical Modernization: Research Misconduct and Research Ethics Reforms in Korea Following the Hwang Affair', Science Engineering Ethics, 19, 2, pp. 355-380. Komi?, D, Marui?, S, Marui?, A 2015, 'Research Integrity and Research Ethics in Professional Codes of Ethics: Survey of Terminology Used by Professional Organizations across Research Disciplines', Plos ONE, 10, 7, pp. 1-13. McLeod, S. A.,2007, The Milgram Experiment. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Harpercollins. National Health Research Systems and Regulations for Ethical Research Management in Indonesia.Retrieved from https://www.fercap-sidcer.org/newsletter/2013/12/PPT/04%20Suriadi%20Guwanan-PPT.pdf National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007)-Updated May 2015. Retrieved from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72 Park,J,Jeon,H,Logan, R,A 2009,The Korean Press and Hwangs fraud.,Public Understanding of Science,18,6,pp.653-669. Suki,A and Moria,K 2012,Researching Society and Culture.,Third Edition,pp58-73

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Running Heading: Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care: Kenisha Wilkerson Walden University Socioeconomic conditions of persons and the places where they live and work do strongly influence their health. In the United States, as elsewhere, the risk for mortality, morbidity, unhealthy behaviors, reduced access to health care and poor quality of care increases with decreasing socioeconomic circumstances (CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report, 2011). Bias in the health care situation is most often indirect and universal (Halwani, 2011). Indirect discrimination occurs when exactly the same services are provided to everybody, but when cultural, religious, linguistic or other reasons it is not possible for members of one or more black and minority ethnic groups to benefit equally from them (Halwani, 2011) . Yet, when African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are compared to European Americans, these minority groups have higher rate of chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes which is documented due to health disparities. While, aversive racism is caused by clever bias and ignorance rather than any malicious feelings towards minorities. Persons who often interact with minorities as equals (ei. coworkers, friends) rather than on a different level (employee/employer) will find themselves less likely to have hidden prejudices (Cannon, 2011). However, there are methods that can be used for reducing such racism for some but for others; simply understanding that aversive racism exists can help. In conclusion being in the know about racial or ethnic inequality in health care and aversive racism can help eliminate problems. Raising public and provider awareness of racial/ethnic disparities in care, expanding health insurance coverage (Obama Care), improving the capacity and number of providers in underserved communities, increasing the knowledge base on causes and interventions to reduce disparities, examining your own behavior, and techniques aimed at its roots at both the individual and collective levels. Bibliography

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Analysis of The Various Legal Provisions - Research Paper Example However, dealing with employment laws is a day to day affair for any business or industrial undertaking irrespective of the size and magnitude of the operations. Hence it becomes very essential that the employers understand and appreciate their legal obligations under the employment laws especially when the employers are keen of making changes in the working place or in the terms of employment of the workers in order to be competitive and efficient.  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, "United Kingdom [UK] employment law has mushroomed in recent years. Modern UK employment law first saw huge changes during the 1970s. Several Acts of Parliament introduced new and complex legislation in areas such as Equal Pay, Sex Discrimination, Race Discrimination, and Health & Safety. Since then there have been even further extensions to UK employment law, particularly brought about by UK's membership of the European Union which required changes to the UK Employment Law. Changes to the UK employment law have included areas such as the Transfer of Undertakings, Disability Discrimination, National Minimum Wages and Working Time Regulations. Year after year UK employment law continues to extend in all areas of working life."   In the UK the main employment legislation is the Employment Rights Act 1996. Labor legislation like the Redundancy Payments Act 1965 in the UK and the Acquired Rights Directive 1977(ARD) concerning the employment regulations of EU are examples of the development of the legal face of the employment legislation. Similarly every year tens of thousands of UK companies fall foul of UK employment law, many due to lack of knowledge of the legal obligations they face. As a result, many face huge compensation and legal costs.

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Translation Literary Translation Essay Example for Free

Translation Literary Translation Essay Preface This book has been five years in the writing. Sections of it have twice been stolen during travel and have been rewritten, hopeniliy better than the first time the fond hope of ail writers who have had their MSS lost, stolen or betrayed. Its progress has been further interrupted by requests for papers for conferences; four of these papers have been incorporated; others, listed in the bibliography are too specialised for inclusion here. It is not a conventional textbook. Instead of offering, as originally planned, texts in various languages for you to translate, I have supplied in the appendices examples of translational text analyses, translations with commentaries and translation criticism. They are intended to be helpful illustrations of many points made in the book, and models for you to react against when you do these three stimulating types of exercise. If the book has a unifying element, it is the desire to be useful to the translator, Its various theories are only generalisations of translation practices. The points I make are for you to endorse or to reject, or simply think about. The special terms I use are explained in the text and in the glossary. I hope you will read this book in conjunction with its predecessor, Approaches to Translation, of which it is in many respects an expansion as well as a revision; in particular, the treatment of institutional terms and of metalanguage is more extensive in the earlier than in this book. I dislike repeating myself writing or speaking, and for this reason I have reproduced say the paper on case grammar, about which at present I havent much more to say, and which isnt easily come by. This book is not written by a scholar, I once published a controversial piece on Corneilles Horace in French Studies, and was encouraged to work for a doctorate, but there was too much in the making that didnt interest me, so 1 gave up. And a German professor refused to review Approaches because it had so many mistakes in the bibliography; which is regrettable (he was asked to point them out, but refused; later, he changed his mind and reviewed the book), but academic detail is not the essential of that or this book either. I am somewhat of a itteralist, because I am for truth and accuracy. I think that words as well as sentences and texts have meaning, and that you only deviate from literal translation when there are good semantic and pragmatic reasons for doing so, which is more often than not, except in grey texts. But that doesnt mean, xt xn IBEFACh as Alex Brothenon (Amsterdam) has disparagingly written without evidence, that I believe in the * absolute primacy of the word1. There are no absolutes in translation, everything is conditional, any principle (e. g.accuracy) may be in opposition to another (e. g, economy) or at least there may be tension between them. Much as at times I should like to get rid of the two bugbears of translation, the dear old context and the dear old readership, alas, we never can. lean only go as far as saying that some words in a text are far less context-bound than others; and that some readerships (say of a set of instructions, of which the readership is the reason for its existence) are more important than others (say a lyric, where the poet and his translator) may only be writing for himself. Again when Halliday writes that language is entirely a social phenomenon and consequently collapses or conflates Biihlers expressive and appellative functions of language into the interpersonal function, stating that there is no distinction between the first two functions in language, I can only say that this is a matter of beliefor philosophy as the expression of belief, and that I disagree. But all this is to some extent a matter of emphasis (and reaction) rather than (diametrical) opposition. The single word is getting swamped in the discourse and the individual in the mass of society -1 am trying to reinstate them both, to redress the balance. If people express themselves individually in a certain type of text, translators must also express themselves individually, even if they are told they are only reacting to, and therefore conforming with, social discourse conventions of the time. Writing a book about translation, 1 am aware that this is a new profession, though an old practice, and that the body of knowledge and of assumptions that exists about translation is tentative, often controversial and fluctuating. This book is intended to be reasonably comprehensive, that is, to discuss most of the issues and problems that come up in translating. (In this aim, at least, the book is original. ) In spite of the controversial nature of several of its chapters, it is therefore designed as a kind of reference book for translators. However, some of the shorter pieces in Chapter 18 are inadequate and can only offer you a few pointers. I hope to expand the book (my last one on translation) for a second edition, and I would welcome suggestions for its improvement,  Acknowledgements I warmly thank Pauline Newmark, Elizabeth Newmark and Matthew Newmark, whom I have consulted so frequently; Vaughan James, who has helped so much at every stage; Vera North, who coped so superbly with the ins and outs of my handwriting; Mary FitzGerald; Sheila Silcock; Margaret Rogers, Louise Hurren; Mary Harrison; Simon Chau, Hans Lindquist, Rene Dirben, Robin Trew, Harold Leyrer, David Harvey. Contents Preface Acknowledgements xi xii Parti 1 2. Principles Introduction The Analysis of a Text Reading the text The intention of the text The intention of the translator Text styles The readership Stylistic scales Attitude Setting The quality of the writing Connotations and denotations The last reading Conclusion 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 19 19 19 20 22 23 3 The Process of Translation Introduction The relation of translating ro translation theory The approach. The textual level The referential level v  CONTENTS The cohesive level The level of naturalness Combining the four levels The unit of translating The translation of texts The translation of proper names Revision Conclusion 23 24 29 30 32 35 36 37 Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types The expressive function The informative function The vocative function The aesthetic function The pharic function The metalingual function Translation Methods Introduction The methods Comments on the methods Equivalent effect . Methods and Lext-categories Translating Other methods 39 39 40 41 42 43 43 45 45 45 47 48 50 51 52 The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis Introduction Coherence Titles Dialogue cohesion Punctuation Sound-effects Cohesion Referential synonyms Enumerators Other connectives Functional sentence perspective Contrasts The lower units of translation Conclusion 54 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 63 65 66. CONTENTS vii  68 68 69 70 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 77 78 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 88 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 94 95 % 96 97 97 7 Literal Translation Introduction Varieties of close translation The translation of poetry Faithful and false friends Words in their context Elegant variations Back-translation of text (BTT) Accepted translation Constraints on literal translation Natural translation Re-creative translation Literary translation The sub-text The notion of theKno-equivalent1 word The role of context 8 The Other Translation Procedures Transference Naturalisation Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent Descriptive equivalent Synonymy Through-translation Shifts or transpositions Modulation Recognised translation Translation label Compensation Componential analysis Reduction and expansion Paraphrase Other procedures Couplets Notes, additions, glosses 9 Translation and Culture Definitions Cultural categories General considerations Ecology Material culture Vltl CONTENTS Social culture Social organisation political and administrative Gestures and habits Summary of procedures 98 99 102 103 10. The Translation of Metaphors Definitions Translating metaphors Types of metaphor 104 106 106 106 11 The Use of Componeniial Analysis in Translation Introduction Lexical words Cultural words Synonyms Sets and series Conceptual terms Neologisms Words as myths Conclusion U4 114 317 119 120 121 121 122 123 123 12 The Application of Case Grammar to Translation Introduction The translation of missing verbs, i. e. verbalforce The translation of case-gaps Various types of case-partner Contrast and choice in translation Some related issues Case partners of adjectives and nouns A remark on Tesniere Conclusion. 125 125 126 129 132 134 135 136 138 138 13 The Translation of Neologisms Introduction Old words with new senses New coinages Derived words Abbreviations Collocations Eponyms Phrasai words 140 140 141 142 143 145 145 146 147 CONTENTS }X Transferred words Acronyms Pseudo-neologisms The creation of neologisms A frame of reference for the translation of neologisms 147 148 148 149 150 14 Technical Translation Introduction Technical style Terms Varieties of technical style Technical and descriptive terms Beginning technical translation Translation method The title Going through the text Conclusion Appendix; sampletest. 151 151 151 152 152 153 154 L55 156* 158 IfrO 161 15 The Translation of Serious Literature and Authoritative Statements Introduction Poetry The short story/novel Drama Conclusion 162 162 162 170 172 173 16 Reference Boohs and their Uses; Tracing theUnfindable Word Introduction Resources [ Unfindables words 174 174 175 176 17 Translation Criticism Introduction Planofcriticism Text analysts The translators purpose Comparing the translation with the original The evaluation of the translation The translations future Marking a translation Quality in translation. 184 184 186 186 186 ! 87 188 189 189 192 X CONTENTS 18 Shorter Items Words and context The translation of dialect You and the computer Function and description The translation of eponyms and acronyms Familiar alternative terms When and how to improve a text Collocations The translation of proper names The translation of puns  ¦ The translation of weights, measures, quantities and currencies Ambiguity 193 193 194 195 198 198 201 204 212 214 217 217 218 221 225 19 20 Revision Hints for Exams and Deadlines By Way of a Conclusion Part II Methods. Introductory note Test 1 Tower needs clear eyes1, The Economist Text 2 Vppcr gastroint^imal endoscopy1, British Medical Journal Text 3 Brideshead Revisited (Waugh) Text 4 4Une certaine idee de la France (De Gaulle) Text 5 4Le Parti Socialiste (Source unknown) Text 6 Ala Recherche du Temps Perdu (Proust) Text 7 Presentation dun cas de toxoplasmose, Bordeaux Medical Text 8 Dialysebehandlung bei akutem Nierenversagen, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrifi Text 9 Alexander von Humboldt (Hein) Text 10 VAdoraticm (BoreL) Text 11 Die Blasse Anna (Boll) Text 12 La SocUti Francaise (Dupeux) Text 13 ZumWohlealler\SC,4Z^. 229 231 234 238 242 245 248 250 254 259 264 267 272 277 Glossary Abbreviations Medical terminology BihHograpky Name index Subject index 282 286 288 289 291 292 PART I Principles Figures appear in Part I as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The dynamics of translation A functional theory of language Language functions, text-categories and text-types The Translation of metaphor Scalar diagrams Equation diagram Matrix diagram Parallel tree diagram  ¦ * 20 40 105 116 116 117 117 CHAPTER 1 Introduction. My purpose in this book is to offer a course in translation principles and methodology for final-year-degree and post-graduate classes as well as for autodidacts and home learners. Further, I have in mind that I am addressing non-English as well as English students, and I will provide some appropriate English texts and examples to work on. 1 shall assume that you, the reader, are learning to translate into your language of habitual use, since that is the only way you can translate naturally, accurately and with maximum effectiveness. In fact, however, most translators do translate out of theii own language (service translation) and contribute greatly to many peoples hilarity in the process. Further, I shall assume that you have a degree-level reading and comprehension ability in one foreign language and a particular interest in one of the three main areas of translation: (a) science and technology, (b) social, economic and/or political topics and institutions, and (c) literary and philosophical works. Normally, only (a) and (b) provide a salary; (c) is free-lance work. Bear in mind, however, that knowing a foreign language and your subject is not as important as being sensitive to language and being competent to write your own language dexterously, clearly, economically and resourcefully. Experience with translationese, for example, Strauss Opus 29 stands under the star of Bierbaum who in his lyric poems attempted to lie in the echoes of the German love poetry with ihe folk song and with the impressionistic changes, Opus 29 tekt im Zekhen Bkrboums, der als Lyriker versuchtet Nachklange des Mintwsangs mil dem Volkslied und mit impressicmistischen XPendungen zu verknupfen. (Record sleeve note) shows that a good writer can often avoid not only errors of usage but mistakes of fact and language simply by applying his common sense and showing sensitivity to language. Being good at writing has little to do with being good at essays, or at English 1 as you may have learned it at school. It means being able to use the 3 4 PRINCIPLES  appropriate words in the appropriate order for the obiect or process you are attempting to describe; continuously trying to improve your writing (a translation is never finished); and increasing your own English vocabulary co-extensively with your knowledge of new facts and new foreign-language words. And it means making flexible use of the abundant grammatical resources of your language, which are enriched by contemporary speech. It is something which, like translation, you can learn: you are not born a good writer; you do not have to be one now; you have to be determined to become one, to relate new experience to fresh language. Finallyj it means having a sense of order and pertinence learning to construct a specific {gezieh, purposeful) beginning, body and conclusion for your subject: a beginning that defines and sets the subject out; a body1 that gives and illustrates the pros and cons of the argument; a conclusion that states your own verdict — and all without irrelevance. A translator has to have a flair and a feel for his own language. There is nothing mystical about this sixth sense, but it is compounded of intelligence, sensitivity and intuition, as well as of knowledge. This sixth sense, which often comes into play (joue) during a final revision, tells you when to translate literally, and also, instinctively, perhaps once in a hundred or three hundred words, when to break all the rules of translation, when to translate malheur by catastrophe* in a seventeenth-centurv text, I cannot make you into a good translator; I cannot cause you to write well. The best I can do is to suggest to you some general guidelines for translating. I shall propose a way of analysing the source language text; I shall discuss the two basic translation methods; and I shall set out the various procedures for handling texts, sentences and other units. I shall at times discuss the relation between meaning, language, culture and translation. By offering plenty of examples I hope to provide enough practice for you to improve your performance as a translator. 9 The trmhvthe facts of the matter) SL writer 2 SL norms TEXT 10 Translator 5 TL relationship 6 TL norms 3 SL culture 4 SL setting and tradition Figure I. The dynamics of translation 7 TL culture 8 TL setting and tradition INTRODUCTION  5 What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. Hence in many types of text (legal, administrative, dialect, local, cultural) the temptation is to transfer as many SL (Source Language) words to the TL (Target Language) as possible. The pity is, as Mounin wrote, that the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. A texi may therefore be pulled in ten different directions, as follows: (1) The individual style or idiolect of the SL author. When should it be (a) preserved, (b) normalised? (2) The conventional grammatical and lexical usage for this type of text, depending on the topic and the situation. (3) Content items referring specifically to the SL, or third language (i. e, not SL or TL) cultures. (4) The typical format of a text in a book, periodical, newspaper, etc. , as influenced by tradition at the time. (5) The expectations of the putative readership, bearing in mind their estimated knowledge of the topic and the style of language they use, expressed in terms of the largest common factor, since one should not translate down (or up) to the readership, (6), (7), (8) As for 2,3 and 4 respectively, but related to the TL, (9) What is being described or reported, ascertained or verified (the referential truth), where possible independently of the SL text and the expectations of the readership. (10) The views and prejudices of the translator, which may be personal and subjective, or may be social and cultural, involving the translators group loyalty factor*, which may reflect the national, political, ethnic, religious, social class, sex, etc. assumptions of the translator. Needless to say, there are many other tensions in translations, for example between sound and sense, emphasis (word order) and naturalness (grammar), the figurative and the literal, neatness and comprehensiveness, concision and accuracy. Figure 1 shows how many opposing forces pull the translation activity {Vactivitti traduisante) in opposite directions. The diagram is not complete. There is often a tension between intrinsic and communicative, or, if you like, between semantic and pragmatic meaning. When do you translate Ilfaitfroid as Its cold1 and when as Im cold, Tm freezing1, Tm so cold, etc,, when that is what it means in the context? All of which suggests that translation is impossible. Which is not so. Why a book of this sort? Because I think there is a body of knowledge about translation which, if applied to solving translation problems, can contribute to a translators training. Translation as a profession practised in international organi- 6 PRINCIPLES sations, government departments, public companies and translation agencies (now often called translation companies) began only about thirty years ago; even now, the idea that ail languages (there are 4000) are of equal value and importance, and that everyone has a right to speak and write his own language, whether it is a national or a minority language (most countries are at least *bilinguaP) is not generally recognised. Translation as a profession has to be seen as a collaborative process between translators, revisers, terminologists, often writers and clients (literary works have to be checked by a second native TL reviser and desirably a native SL speaker), where one works towards a general agreement. Nevertheless, finally, only one person can be responsible for one piece or section of translation; it must have the stamp of one style. The principle with which this book starts is that everything without exception is translatable; the translator cannot afford the luxury of saying that something cannot be translated, Danila Seleskovitch, a brilliant interpreter and writer, has said: Everything said in one language can be expressed in another on condition that the two languages belong to cultures that have reached a comparable degree of development/ The condition she makes is false and misleading. Translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach readers whose cultural and educational level is different from, and often lower or earlier, than, that of the readers of the original one has in mind computer technology for Xhosas. Foreign1 communities have their own language structures and their own cultures, foreign individuals have their own way of thinking and therefore of expressing themselves, but all these can be explained, and as a last resort the explanation is the translation. No language, no culture is so primitive that it cannot embrace the terms and the concepts of, say, computer technology or plainsong, But such a translation is a longer process if it is in a language whose culture does not include computer technology. If it is to cover ail the points in the source language text, it requires greater space in the target language text. There-fore, whilst translation is always possible, it may for various reasons not have the same impact as the original. Translation has its own excitement, its own interest. A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved. There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal or ^correct translation, A translator is always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expression; he is always pursuing facts and words. He works on four levels: translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the larguage that describes them- here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified; secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation; lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translations is the reflection of individual differences. Whilst accepting that a few good translators (like a few good actors) are INTRODUCTION 7 naturals, I suggest that the practical demands on translators are so wide, and the subject still so wrapped up in pointless arguments about its feasibility, that it would benefit students of translation and would-be translators to follow a course based on a wide variety of texts and examples. This book claims to be useful, not essential. It attempts to set up a framework of reference for an activity that serves as a means of communication, a transmitter of culture, a technique (one of many, to be used with discretion) of language learning, and a source of personal pleasure. As a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared increasingly conspicuously in public places; for instructions issued by exporting companies; for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the native into the foreign language by natives as a matter of national pride; for official documents,  such as treaties and contracts; for reports, papers, articles, correspondence? textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for every branch of knowledge. Its volume has increased with the rise of the mass media, the increase in the number of independent countries, and the growing recognition of the importance of linguistic minorities in all the countries of the world. Its importance is highlighted by the mistranslation of the Japanese telegram sent to Washington just before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, when mokasuiu was allegedly translated as ignored instead of considered, and by the ambiguity in UN Resolution 242, where the withdrawal from occupied territories was translated as le retrait des tmitoires occupes, and therefore as a reference to all of the occupied territory to be evacuated by the Israelis. Translation has been instrumental in transmitting culture, sometimes under unequal conditions responsible for distorted and biased translations, ever since countries and languages have been in contact with each other. Thus the Romans pillaged* Greek culture; the Toledo School transferred Arabic and Greek learning to Europe; and up to the nineteenth century European culture was drawing heavily on Latin and Greek translations. In the nineteenth century German culture was absorbing Shakespeare, In this century a centrifugal world literature has appeared, consisting of the work of a small number of international* writers (Greene, Bellow, Solzhenitsyn, Boll, Grass, Moravia, Murdoch, Lessing, amongst those still living, succeeding Mann, Brecht, Kafka, Mauriac, Valery, etc. )* which is translated into most national and many regional languages. Unfortunately there is no corresponding centripetal cultural movement from regional or peripheral authors. That translation is not merely a transmitter of culture, but also of the-truth, a force for progress, could be instanced by following the course of resistance to Bible translation and the preservation of Latin as a superior language of the elect, with a consequent disincentive to translating between other languages. As a technique for learning foreign languages, translation is a two-edged instrument: it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learners knowledge of the foreign language, either as a form of control or to exercise his intelligence in order to develop his competence. This is its strong point in foreign-language classes, which has to be sharply distinguished from its normal use in transferring meanings and conveying messages. The translation done in schools, which as a 8 PRINCIPLES  discipline is unfortunately usually taken for granted and rarely discussed, often encourages absurd, stilted renderings, particularly of colloquial passages including proper names and institutional terms (absurdly encouraged by dictionary mistranslations such as Giacopo for James1 and Siaatsrat for Trivy Councillor). Even a sentence such as: Quune maillc $auiat parfois a ce nssu de perfection auquel Brigitte Finn travailinit uvec une vigilance de toutes les seamdes, detail dans Yordre et elle sen consolait pourvu que cefut sans temotn. Mauriac, l.a Phanstenne^ might produce something like this from a sixth-former: That a stitch should sometimes break in that tissue of perfection at which Brigitte Pian was working with a vigilance to which she devoted every second, this was in order and she consoled herself for it provided it was without witness, which proves that each word construction is understood, where a more likely reading would be: If Brigitte Pian sometimes dropped a stitch in the admirable material she was working on with such unremitting vigilance, it was in the natural order of things and she found consolation for it, provided she had no witnesses. A translator, perhaps more than any other practitioner of a profession, is continually faced with choices, for instance when he has to translate words denoting quality, the words of the mental world (adjectives, adverbs, adjectival nouns, e. g. good, well*, goodness), rather than objects or events. In making his choice, he is intuitively or consciously following a theory of translation, just as any teacher of grammar teaches a theory of linguistics. La traduction appelle une theorie en acte, Jean-Rene Ladmiral has written. Translation calls on a theory in action; the translator reviews the criteria for the various options before he makes his selection as a procedure in his translating activity. The personal pleasure derived from translation is the excitement of trying to solve a thousand small problems in the context of a large one. Mystery, jigsaw, game, kaleidoscope, maze, puzzle, see-saw, juggling- these metaphors capture the play1 element of translation without its seriousness. (But pleasure lies in play rather than i 1 seriousness. ) The chase after words and facts is unremitting and requires imagination. There is an exceptional attraction in the search for the right word, just out of reach, the semantic gap between two languages that one scours Roget to fill. The relief of finding it, the smirk* after hitting on the right word when others are still floundering? is an acute reward, out of proportion and out of perspective to the satisfaction of filling in the whole picture, but more concrete. The quality of pleasure reflects the constant tension between sentence and word. You may have heard of a relatively new polytechnic/university subject called Translation Theory (Translatology1 in Canada, Traductologia in Spain, (Iter-INTRODUCTION 9 setzungswissenschaft in German-speaking countries, Translation Studies in the Netherlands and Belgium); this book is intended to introduce it to you. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text, and it is therefore dependent on a functional theory of language. However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints. (The only rule I know is the equal frequency rule, viz, that corresponding words, where they exist metaphors, collocations, groups, clauses, sentences, word order, proverbs, etc. should have approximately equal frequency, for the topic and register in question, in both the source and target languages.) Translation theory is concerned with minutiae (the meanings of semi-colons, italics, misprints) as well as generalities (presentation, the thread of thought underlying a piece), and both may be equally important in the context. Translation theory in action, translation theory used operationally for the purpose of reviewing all the options (in particular, sensitising the translator to those he had not been aware of) and then making the decisions in fact the teeth of the theory is a frame of reference for translation and translation criticism, relating first to complete texts, where it has most to say, then, in descending level, to paragraphs, sentences, clauses,  word groups (in particular, collocations), words -familiar alternative words, cultural and institutional terms, proper names, 1 non-equivalent words, neologisms and key conceptual terms morphemes and punctuation marks. Note that metaphor, perhaps the most significant translation problem, may occur at all levels from word to text, at which level it becomes an allegory or a fantasy. What translation theory does is, first, to identify and define a translation problem (no problem no translation theory!); second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures; finally, to recommend the most suitable translation procedure, plus the appropriate translation. Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming to a decision, I close this chapter by enumerating the new elements in translation nov.\ as opposed to, say, at the beginning of the century: (1) The emphasis on the readership and the setting, and therefore on naturalness, ease of understanding and an appropriate register, when these factors are appropriate. (2) Expansion of topics beyond the religious, the literary and the scientific to technology, trade, current events, publicity, propaganda, in fact to virtually every topic of writing. (3) Increase in variety of text formats, from books (including plays and poems) to articles, papers, contracts, treaties, laws, notices, instructions, advertisements,  10 PRINCIPLES (4) (5) (6) (7) publicity, recipes, letters, reports, business forms, documents, etc. These now vastly outnumber books, so it is difficult to calculate the number or the languages of translations on any large scale. Standardisation of terminology. The formation of translator teams and the recognition of the revisers role. The impact of linguistics, sociolinguistics and translation theory, which will.

History of The American Civil War Essay -- American History Civil War

History of The American Civil War The Civil War was a brutal war between the North and South of America over the issue of slavery, which was spurred on by the secession of the southern states from the Union of a America. At the time slavery was one of the main issues in America that caused a disagreement between the north and south and these disagreements about humanity and slaves added to the tension that would finally lead to the out break of war. Slavery was almost totally abolished in the northern states after 1787 when the Constitution was drafted at the Philadelphia Convention and slavery was looked upon as the ‘peculiar institution’ of the southern states, by the north. The southern states looked upon slavery as a way of life and were in no way prepared to give up what they felt was there property and a very important part of their cotton and farming production. Another implication that caused great tension between the north and south over the issue of slavery was that even though their were anti-slavery supporters in the south; some of the abolitionists of the north would write notices and say that all southerners were evil and cruel slave owners, who would treat their slaves badly. This angered the southerners who felt that the northerners were just being hypocrites and didn’t know what they were talking about, which turned pro anti-slavery southerners into stronger supporters of the south. It was thought by some anti-slavery groups in America that slavery would die out because America had in 1808 stopped the participation in the international slave trade, which meant no supplies of new slaves would be coming in. But this theory proved wrong because slavery in the south began to expand due to the great demand of raw cotton from cotton mills of the Industrial revolution from overseas places like Britain. Also the cotton-based expansion of slavery came due to the invention of the cotton gin, by Eli Whitney in 1793, which cleaned the cotton plant and refined it on a mass scale. The south started more tension over slavery when they decided they had to expand their territory westwards and gain more states because other wise they would be out voted in congress and slavery would be abolished completely, also they needed new land to replace all the over used farming land in the other southern states. The Abolitionists were another factor tha... ...o the Republicans Lincoln was a moderator but to the southerners he was an evil figure that became a sign that the union was to become radicalized. Just after the election of Lincoln South Carolina, followed by six other Southern states, took steps to secede from the Union. Although secession was illegal the union had no power to oppose it and all alternative compromises failed and so in February 1861 a new southern government was inaugurated as the, †Confederate States of America.† This new government drafted its own constitution and elected its own president, General Jefferson Davis who was a Kentuckian like Lincoln. An as Lincoln so wisely said, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand†, which meant America divided in two couldn’t carry on. So that April morning in 1861 when the confederate army opened free fire on Fort Sumter a fort being held by the union on southern soil, it would be the final act that all these causes and tensions that I’ve mentioned would finally have built up to. Which would have set off one of the most horrific wars of all time. And as most Americans describe it, â€Å"It was a war that defined America’s character.† Bibliography: Encarta 2001

Is Overpopulation the Main Cause of Child Labour

Is Overpopulation the Main Cause of Child Labour? Child labour refers to the employment of children to benefit their family financial situation where they are exploited to danger and hazard. It may interfere with their education and hamper the children physically, mentally, spiritually or morally. Children exposed to child labour since young can be distorted or disabled due to carrying heavy loads or forced into unnatural positions at work for long hours. Many say that the main cause of child labour is overpopulation.Though I agree that overpopulation is one of the important causes of child labour, but I think that it is not the main cause of it. According to a report from UNICEF in 2010, an estimate number of 158 million children are engaged in child labour and this is about 17% of the total number of children and according to International Labour Organization, it has increased to 215 million currently. Over the years, researchers have provided sufficient evidences that a large popu larity of child labour occurs in developing countries.Majority of it happens mostly in the rural of Asian and African countries and they are mostly victims of scarce resources for example food supply and water. However, child labour is also common in some developed countries, for example in the United States, more than 230,000 children work in agriculture. Reported by Edmonds and Pavcnik, 85% of working children are employed for doing works related to the agriculture. Countries where child labour has become a common practice include Bangladesh, Tanzania, Myanmar, Yemen, India and many more.Below is a case of child labour in Bangladesh: â€Å"Mohammad Faisal Hossain is a twelve-year-old boy who works to support his family. To meet their needs, he holds down two jobs on the packed roads of the Bangladesh capital, Dhaka: selling newspapers in the early morning and working as a helping hand on a small minibus. Every morning, Mohammad collects newspapers from the retailer and weaves his way through the crowded railway stations and bus stops. On an average day, he earns 70 to 80 taka, less than US$1, at this job. His second job takes up most of his time until evening.On the minibus, he shouts out the vehicles’ destination to potential passengers and collects fares from each rider. At this job, Mohammad worries for his safety. His wish is to go to school everyday like other children but his mother, whose once a maid servant but left after she fell sick, couldn’t afford sending him to school after fifth grade. At this crucial moment between death and survival, his father left them behind which made them even more helpless and he has no other option but to work. † — reported by UNICEF — Causes of Child Labour Cases of child labour are mostly found in families who are suffering from poverty.Poorer families are usually overpopulated and they have more children and family members to feed and to take care of. In addition to these, they ha ve limited resources of food supply and other basic necessities essential for living as they can’t afford anything more. These factors have driven children to work so that their financial situation at home will improve. Exposed to harms, abuses and exploits, the children are deprived from their education. Overpopulation in an area will also cause the demand of resources like food supply to increase and therefore, people will compete for the available resources.This means that the poorer families will have less access to it. However, personally, I think that overpopulation is not the main cause of child labour. Poverty is the primary cause of child labour. Poverty leads to many other factors which force children into labour. Despite the fact that the parents know that child labour is incorrect, they are forced to choose this as the other option will be worse, for instance, without sufficient money for the basic needs of life, people will become malnourished and infected with d ieaseas which will eventually cause death.Besides that, poorer families tend to be less educated. The illiteracy of parents will cause them to neglect the physical and emotional development of a child as they do not realize the importance of one’s education and the effect of it they have on their future. Due to their illiteracy, the grown-ups are finding it difficult to find jobs that can provide them enough income to support their family. Now in the 21st century, most of the well-paid jobs are to be done with the help of advanced technology and it is expected that their employees have knowledge of how to use a computer.Thus, it is expected that the poorer ones has less chance to be employed as they don’t even know how to read or write, is it not? The increase in unemployments of the adults has caused the children to become the source of income. Children tend to work in factories because employers find it more profitable to employ children as they cost less and can ext ract more work. This problem has been known and throughout the years, much aid has been gathered to help increase the employment rate in rural areas.Governments and communities have been struggling hard to try find ways to bridge the digital divide as this may be the first step in help eradicating poverty. However, in my opinion, I think that the main culprit of the practice of child labour is the government. The ignorance of corrupted governments have caused cases of child labour to increase at a fast pace. It is the only right thing that the governments make sure that their people are not suffering from the lack of basic needs.They are the ones responsible for the countries affairs and they need to take actions to eradicate poverty in the country as fast as possible for example implementing new laws or enforcing existing laws to ban the employment of certain age. Here is a case where child labour is being ignored: An underage farm worker, Molefe Mogale, 14, was working on a farm i n Rustenburg when his hand was chopped off while operating a machine. He died in hospital a day later, on 26 July, Phetoe said. â€Å"So far only a case [of murder and child labour] is opened and nothing further is done.No arrest, no prosecution†¦ because the case was opened by the farmer we were told that they will not charge him. † — reported by Times Live –Effects of Child Labour Child labour deprives children of a proper childhood. They do not complete their development all roundly and this may lead to many psychological imbalances. When they grow up, the child labourers remains uneducated which means that they will be unable to find a good job. Hence, they become incapable of taking care their own family which means they need to make the later generation to work and thus, the history repeats itself.The uneducated of the child labourers will condemn them to a life of unskilled and badly paid work and this perpetuates poverty. Also, children who never ha ve the chance to enjoy the fun of their childhood are expected to reach mental and emotional maturity at a very early age. This is highly dangerous as these children will start displaying adult behaviors such as smoking and taking drugs. Employers are now taking the liking towards employing children as they are often paid much less than adults. These causes the unemployments of adults increase and thus, more families will force their children to work.Child labour also has impacts on the economy of the country. Despite the fact that child labour will not have evident impact when their young, but we all know that the future of our world lies in the hands of the the earlier generation. Possible Scenarios As I have mentioned above, I strongly disagree that overpopulation is the main cause of child labour. Poverty causes overpopulation and the ignorance of the corrupted government are the ones to blame for not putting enough effort to eradicate poverty. Corrupt Governments ?Continuation of Poverty ? Overpopulated Families ? Child Labour The children now are the future leaders of this place and if child labour is not stopped, it means that our world will be ? lled with more uneducated people. This will bring much problems as there will be many vacancies for the o? ce jobs in developed countries because not many of them are capable for the jobs. When people of the country has a lower income, it means that the total income of the country will also fall. Then, the global market will be a? ected.The gap between the rich and the poor will be even harder to bridge and it will be an eternal struggle for the government to eradicate poverty in their country. People around the world will face problem getting access to the services and products in rural countries when the unemployment rate increases. Many businesses that required special skills will not be able to have the jobs ? lled and eventually fall into bankruptcy. Businesses like manufacturing factories and farming will be cramped with people as they are the only job that the people are capable of doing because they do not require much skills.However, the employers will not be able to employ everybody in that area and the many more people will remain unemployed. Child labour will also cause harm to the countries’ nations. It can bring harm to our society. The children who are not brought up in the right way will not know that stealing is immoral and in order to survive, they will steal things from others. A recent case shows that a 10 year old kid was beaten to death because the innocent kid was slow at things. Imagine that you are the parent of the child, how will you react?They will react rashly and harshly towards the loss of their child and cause unsettlement and turmoil around the society. As more families face the same thing, the problem will get bigger and the whole country will be a? ected, forcing the government to take actions. What Should Be Done To Stop Child Labour? In my opini on, the government bears the most responsibility to stop child labour. Throughout the years, many di? erent laws have been implemented to ban the abuse of children and so on. Below are some examples of laws implemented to overcome the issue: 1919: The Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (No. ) prohibited the work of children under the age of 14 in industrial establishments. 1930: The ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29) protected children from forced or compulsory labour, such as victims of tra? cking, children in bondage, like Iqbal, and those exploited by prostitution and pornography. 1999: ILO unanimously adopted the Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182). It called for States to prevent the most damaging child exploitation practices or the worst forms that currently exist.Besides that Declaration of the Right of the Child is issued, stating a few important rules to help protect the chi ldren against unfair treatment and the protect their rights to have access to certain things like education. Declaration of the Rights of Child 1. All children have the right to what follows, no matter what their race, colour sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or where they were born or who they were born to. 2. You have the special right to grow up and to develop physically and spiritually in a healthy and normal way, free and with dignity. . You have a right to a name and to be a member of a country. 4. You have a right to special care and protection and to good food, housing and medical services. 5. You have the right to special care if handicapped in any way. 6. You have the right to love and understanding, preferably from parents and family, but from the government where these cannot help. 7. You have the right to go to school for free, to play, and to have an equal chance to develop yourself and to learn to be responsible and useful. 8. You have the right alw ays to be among the ? st to get help. 9. You have the right to be protected against cruel acts or exploitation, e. g. you shall not be obliged to do work which hinders your development both physically and mentally. 10. You should be taught peace, understanding, tolerance and friendship among all people. The enforcement of existing laws is very important because there will not be e? ective if they are not enforced. There is one Chinese idiom that says: â€Å"Give a man a ? sh and you feed him for a day. Teach a man how to ? sh and you feed him for life. I think that the government or communities should organize vocational education and training for older child labourers so that they have better skills which means a better job in the future. Besides the implementation of new laws and enforcing the existing laws, in papers prepared for the 1997 International Conference on Child Labour, it was revealed that child labour can best be combated through providing better access to education, raising social awareness and so on. According to UNICEF, for every year of quality education that a child receives, their adult earning potential increases by a worldwide average of 10%.Governments in several countries have tried to make the enrollment of school compulsory and free of charge. This is accomplished by collecting funds and reducing the use of money on less important things. This method has been proven successful in Malawi in the year of 1994 when the government made primary education free. Research stated than from one academic year to the next, enrollment has increased by roughly 50%. However, I believe that stopping child labour is not only the responsibility of the governments. The society needs to contribute too as we are all living as one.I think that ? rstly, we need to be aware of what is happening to them and we can do this by observing the World Day Against Child Labour every year on June 12. We can start by spreading the words around and maybe start a commun ity in our society to unite against the problems by collecting funds to aid poorer families so that they can a? ord sending their children to school, gather old and unused items from people to donate to them so that they can spend their money on something else, organize campaigns to build rehabilitation and vocational centers to teach them special skills, and so on.Above are some of the basic things that we can do to help but to make things more e? ective, we can write to companies that use child labour and demand that they stop, contact Foreign A? airs, Industry, Trade and Labour Ministers to demand that trade be tied to human, children and labour rights, lobby the government to make education for all children a top priority, etc. We can all make a di? erence and anything will be possible if we put much e? ort into it. Small things that we do can make a great di? erence even only by spreading words about the e? ects and great impacts of child labour.In 2006, the International Labou r Organization published a report called The End of Child Labour:Within Reach. There was one very special fact noted in this report: â€Å"Today, there are 28 million fewer child labourers than there were four years ago! This means that the work you are doing—we are all doing—to stop child labour is truly creating positive change. But there is still much more to be done. † Global Views People have come around to know about this serious issue of child labour. Many communities and organizations have contributed much to help reduce and if possible, stop the practice of child labour as it brings bad e? cts tot he child and the people of the country. The best way to help raising awareness is to have celebrities to spread the word. This will be the most e? ective way as people from all around the world can hear them. Several presidents of some countries, including the ex-president of England – Tony Blair, have join hands with communities such as Global March to help keep the rights of the children. In my opinion, I believe that aid need to be provided with them urgently. I think that every children in this world have rights to receive equal opportunity of education and survival hances. It is unfair that the children have to pay the price of the consequences of poverty when they didn’t even do anything to cause it. Some people might think that it is none of their business as long as they are safe under the roof and has a great future laid beneath them, but they do not know that the continuation of child labour will eventually cause harm to the community and the country. Some of the child labourers even commented that being put in jail is better than their current life because they are fed and sheltered while in jail.The most basic things that we can do to help is to organize trips to slump-down areas to bring a little joy back to their life and to teach them special skills that might be useful to them in the future. International Vi ews: 1. â€Å"When you produce a bullet, you commit another sin against mankind, but when you make a toy or a book you bring hope and smile to a child. † — Kailash Satyarthi –International Coordinator of the Global March, Manila 23 January, 1998. 2. â€Å"†¦ 180 million kids are engaged in the worst forms of child labour. Put it all together and it is not only morally unacceptable, but politically dangerous. — Juan Samavia –3. â€Å"Child labor and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time. † — Grace Abbott –4. â€Å"In the past, children were all too often viewed more as property than people. Many victories for children's rights have been won in the last 100 years, such as child labor laws, protecting children from having to work long hours in unsafe conditions; p ublic education, allowing all children to have access to learning; and laws preventing child abuse.But there is still much to do in protecting children's rights around the world. † — Robert Alan Silverstein — National Views: 1. â€Å"Now is the time to act – for the future of our generation. The question of child abuse is crucial, we call on the general public to join hands with us. † — Boonthan Verawongse –South-East Asia Coordinator for the Global March, Malaysia 18 February,1998 2. â€Å"It’s very important for businesses to understand while they are providing employment to the families†¦ that they also have a responsibility to the families and the children who are born of those parents† — Victor Karunan –Voicing Their Thoughts: 1. This is our right – that (adults) have to listen. This is children's rights. And if they are not abiding with that right, we will work harder to make them hear. â⠂¬  — Om Prakash –November 19, 2006 2. â€Å"We want to study and learn, not beg on the streets. During the worldwide march I learnt that I, too, am a real person. Now I want to become an engineer. † — Basu –11 years old Nepalese street child, Thailand 14 February,1998 3. â€Å"Why do we have to pay the price of poverty. We didn't create poverty, adults did. † — Sultana –12 years old garment factory worker, Bangladesh 14 February,1998.Conclusion In conclusion, I disagree that overpopulation is the main cause of child labour because I think that a corrupt government in the country contributes most to it. A country’s availability of resources and a? airs like poverty rates are all managed by the government. If the government was e? ective, then the poverty rate will be lower and decrease but a corrupted government will only cause the country to become even poorer, hence increasing the cases of child labour. Governments pl ay a major role in eradicating poverty and stopping child labour as the impacts of the continuation of child labour will be devastating.As we all know, the future lies in the hands of the children and child labour only causes the increase in the illiteracy rate and this is not something good if we are to lead the country in the future. However, governments are not the only one responsible of this current issue and businesses and the society needs to help stop it. Businesses should make sure they don’t employ them at a low costs and we as normal citizens need to be careful not to encourage child labour by buying products that involves child labour. Many things have been done to help stop child labour and many laws have been implemented and enforced.At this rate, I believe that child labour can be stopped someday and children will be given back their rights if everybody contributes a little to help them. Resources: 1. http://www. eclt. org/about-child-labour/child-labour-standa rds 2. http://jordan. thebeehive. org/en/content/1515/2936 3. http://nchildlabour. info/HTML/Intro/CAUSES%20AND%20SOCIAL%20IMPACT%20OF %20CHILD%20LABOUR. htm 4. h t t p : / / c o n c o r d i a . a c a d e m i a . e d u / G i a c o m o J a c k M a g g i o r e / P a p e r s / 3 6 3 2 4 3 / The_Dark_Exploration_into_the_Reality_behind_the_Third_World_Labor_Market_A_docum ent_on_Child_Labor 5. http://www. imeslive. co. za/local/2011/08/05/child-labour-being-ignored 6. http://www. ilo. org/global/topics/child-labour/lang–en/index. htm 7. http://www. irinnews. org/Report/32259/TANZANIA-Child-labour-common-in-Zanzibar 8. http://library. thinkquest. org/03oct/01908/800/whydoesitoccur_childlabor. htm 9. http://anujagarwal. hubpages. com/hub/Cause-and-effects-of-Child-Labour 10. http://sukritha. hubpages. com/hub/ChildLabourStillExist 11. http://www. betterworld. net/quotes/children-quotes. htm 12. http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/malaysia_61973. html 13. http://www. un. org/cyber schoolbus/humanrights/resources/plainchild. asp